Essay on The Blаck Subculture-of-Violence Thesis - 2522 Words

The problem of crime hÐ °s cÐ °ptured the Ð °ttention of Ð mericÐ °n society in Ð ° mÐ °nner unlike few other issues. While the overÐ °ll numbers hÐ °ve dropped during the lÐ °st few yeÐ °rs, Ð mericÐ °ns still remÐ °in feÐ °rful of the disintegrÐ °ting effects of this phenomenon on our collective sense of stÐ °bility Ð °nd sÐ °fety. Nowhere Ð °re these effects more vividly displÐ °yed thÐ °n in those urbÐ °n communities inhÐ °bited predominÐ °ntly by Ð fricÐ °n Ð mericÐ °ns. BlÐ °ck-on-blÐ °ck crime (Ð °s it hÐ °s been lÐ °beled) remÐ °ins Ð °n oppressive sociÐ °l problem, while homicide hÐ °s become the leÐ °ding cÐ °use of deÐ °th Ð °mong young blÐ °ck mÐ °les in Ð mericÐ °. Despite the plÐ °guing nÐ °ture of these sociÐ °l fÐ °cts, only recently hÐ °ve mÐ °instreÐ °m criminologists undertÐ °ken Ð ° thorough effort Ð °imed Ð °t deÐ °ling†¦show more content†¦The blÐ °ck -subculture-of- violence thesis hÐ ° s been most fully developed by WolfgÐ °ng Ð °nd FerrÐ °cuti (Peterson, 56). BÐ °sed on reseÐ °rch conducted in inner-city PhilÐ °delphiÐ ° in the mid-1950s Keith (Keith, 778) Ð °ttempt to bring together psychologicÐ °l Ð °nd sociologicÐ °l constructs to Ð °id in the explÐ °nÐ °tion of the concentrÐ °tion of violence in specific socio-economic groups Ð °nd ecologicÐ °l Ð °reÐ °s. They Ð °rgue thÐ °t certÐ °in segments of society hÐ °ve Ð °dopted distinctively violent subculturÐ °l vÐ °lues. This vÐ °lue system provides its members with normÐ °tive support for their violent behÐ °vior, thereby increÐ °sing the likelihood thÐ °t hostile impulses will leÐ °d to violent Ð °ction. Further, relying on officiÐ °l dÐ °tÐ ° on violent crime, WolfgÐ °ng Ð °nd FerrÐ °cuti speculÐ °te thÐ °t there Ð °re Ð ° blÐ °ck subculture of violence Ð °nd Ð ° southern subculture of violence. With specific regÐ °rd to the blÐ °ck subculture of violence, they write, Our subculture-of- violence thesis would, therefore, expect to find Ð ° lÐ °rge spreÐ °d to the leÐ °rning of, resort to, Ð °nd criminÐ °l displÐ °y of the violence vÐ °lue Ð °mong minority groups such Ð °s Negroes.( Hughes, M. Ð °nd B. Hertel. 1990 pp 1105-1120) Bothers Ð °nd sisters by Bebe Moore CÐ °mpbell is Ð ° modern morÐ °lity plÐ °y thÐ °t tÐ °kes plÐ °ce in Los Ð ngeles Ð °fter the riots. WhÐ °t mÐ °kes Brothers Ð °nd Sisters chÐ °nged from the trÐ °ditionÐ °l potboiler is Ms. CÐ °mpbells reÐ °l strive to speÐ °k to the complexities of rÐ °ce in the modern Ð °ge. Bebe

Zora Neale Hurston Reflection In Her Work - 1322 Words

Authors get their ideas on paper in many ways. They can use their imagination making up everything from thin air. They can use their past experiences or experiences that others relate to them. A better explanation about how authors end up writing what we read is best clarified by an author themselves. Ursula Le Guin an American novelist explains, â€Å"I dont believe that a writer gets (takes into the head) an idea (some sort of mental object) from somewhere, and then turns it into words, and writes them on paper. The stuff has to be transformed into oneself, it has to be composted, before it can grow into a story.† If that is too complicated to understand we have the help of Robertson Davis a Canadian novelist who says, â€Å"I dont get†¦show more content†¦It didnt have to be specifically cheating; it could have been any unethical or moral act. Otis D. Slemmons also represents many people in the past and today. The economy in America had been going so well that for many the Great Depression had to be just a nightmare it could not be true. Most people at the time could not face losing most or all of their commodities they had. There was poverty everywhere that some people didnt want to recognize their own reality and tried to distort it. Slemmons had convinced everybody that he was a wealthy man, but the whole time he wasnt wearing real gold at all. Missy May’s husband makes fun of Slemmons fake reality as he explained to a store worker, â€Å"Ha Ha! He had a quarter on his tie pin and it wuz all golded up too. Tryin’ to fool people. Makin’ out he so rich and everything. Ha! Ha!...† (563). The Great Depression either made people sadly live with the reality or had people believe their own lies. Even today there are people like Slemmons, who have a fake it till you make it mentality telling themselves things that are not true. It is common to see people who buy things with money they dont have to impress people that they dont know. Money may be a single coin or piece of paper, but in rough times it can change peoples behavior. Another work by Hurston named â€Å"Sweat† pinpointed two major cultural events in the late 1920s. The short story pinShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sweat By Zora Neale Hurston1313 Words   |  6 Pageshusband who publicly cheats and abuses her? How would she react to his psychological and physical abuse, would she fight back or stay silent? There are many ways one can fight back, and silence is one of them. By simply saying nothing can kill a person, literally. In the short story, â€Å"Sweat† by Zora Neale Hurston unfolds the story of African American wash woman by the name of Delia Jones, the protagonist in the story, is a hard-working woman who has been supporting her good for nothing husband by doingRead More Comparing Characterization in Alias Grace, Their Eyes Were Watching God, and Fools Crow1290 Words   |  6 Pagesis at peace, but there are still many questions about her left unanswered.   Because Atwoods style of writing is informative, yet unclear at the s ame time, the audience is left to put the pieces of the puzzle that is Grace together themselves.  Ã‚   This leaves the reader guessing about her character.   Two other works that contrast the characterization of Grace Atwood uses in Alias Grace are Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, and Fools Crow in Fools Crow by James Welch.   The characterizationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Harlem Renaissance By Zora Neale Hurston1751 Words   |  8 Pagesphotography, actors and much more. Zora Neale Hurston was a well known novelist, essayist, author,anthropologist and vital to the Harlem Renaissance she was raised in a very small town named Eatonville in florida, her mother died at the age of 13 interrupting her childhood. She was struggling to finish the rest of her high school years but eventually she did. She graduated at age 26 at Barnard college in 1928, she wrote novels such as â€Å"Their Eyes were Watching God†. A writer’s work in both a natur al productRead More Finding Hope in Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay3095 Words   |  13 Pagespossess, the fear of the unknown and resulting stagnation. But Hurston does not leave us with the hopelessness of Fitzgerald or Hemingway, rather, she extends a recognition and understanding of humanitys need to escape emptiness. Dem meatskins is got tuh rattle tuh make out theys alive (183) Her solution is simple: Yuh got tuh go there tuh know there. Janie, like characters in earlier novels, sets out on a quest to make sense of her inner questionings--a void she knew she possessed from the momentRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By Zora Neale Hurston1906 Words   |  8 Pages Truth A reflection of the truth. The Harlem Renaissance is real. It is identified as a spiritual re-awakening, a rebirth in culture, a sense of pride and self awareness. However, African Americans were not always allowed this prodigious freedom. Prior to the Harlem Renaissance African Americans were slaves; considered a piece of property who had no rights whatsoever. Despite, their harsh history, Civil Rights were enforced, this helped bring them out of their misery; which is why the harlemRead MoreOverview: Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston1641 Words   |  7 PagesTheir Eyes Were Watching God was written by Zora Neale Hurston and published in 1937. Hurstons book guides us through character Janie Crawford’s hectic journey while taking place in the 1900s. The story starts out with Janie, a middle-aged African American woman, returning to her hometown in Eatonville, Florida. Her surprise visit gets the town talking. They wonder where she had gone, what she was doin g, and why she was gone so long. Janie’s friend, Pheoby Watson, visits Janie to find out what happenedRead MoreSweat, By Zora Neale Hurston1776 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Sweat,† a short story written by Zora Neale Hurston depicts the story of Delia, a washerwoman who is physically and mentally abused by her husband, Sykes. As Hurston explains, Delia is a strong, hardworking, calm, brave, and understanding woman who is able to stand with her head held high even through all the troubles she endures. In contrast, Sykes is abusive, a coward, troubleshooter and a man who depends on his wife to provide for him. He even has the indecency to use Delia’s money to pay forRead MoreRichard Wright’s Misperception of Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God 2453 Words   |  10 Pagesthe most prominent artists of the Harlem Renaissance could ever disagree as much as or be as different as Zora Neale Hurston and Richard Wright. Despite the fact that t hey are the same color and lived during the same time period, they do not have much else in common. On the one hand is Hurston, a female writer who indulges in black art and culture and creates subtle messages throughout her most famous novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. On the other hand is Wright, who is a male writer who demonstratesRead MoreEssay on Their Eyes Were Watching God921 Words   |  4 Pageshaving to maintain opinions. For Janie Crawford, it was not: she finds her voice among those lost within the pages of Zora Neale Hurston’s famed novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. This dynamic character’s natural intelligence, talent for speaking, and uncommon insights made her the perfect candidate to develop into the outspoken, individual woman she has wanted to be all along. As the novel begins, Janie walks into her former hometown quietly and bravely. She is not the same woman who left;Read MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God1335 Words   |  6 Pagespower from others.In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zora Neale Hurston tells us a story about Janie who has three relationships with three different men, she learns how to find freedom and true love from nature. The marriage with Logan Killicks makes her understand that marriage does not mean love; sometimes, love can tarnish the freedom of divine nature. After Janie is disappointed in Logan, she feels â€Å"The familiar people and things had failed her so she hung over the gate and looked up the road

Psychology Y163 Tma2 Free Essays

Drawing on appropriate evidence from Chapter 5, describe how groups can influence people in positive and negative ways. For this task I will be studying how groups of people that we have in our lives can affect us in both a positive and a negative way, such as peer pressure from a social group or pressure from family. From a very early age we are influenced by the people around us. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Y163 Tma2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now If we are in good company and the right crowd we will be affected positively, on the other hand if we are amongst bad company and fall into the wrong crowd we will be affected negatively.To start with I will look at some of the more positive effects that groups of people can have on us as individuals. For example if you are around a good group of friends as you are growing up going into adulthood, this can play a vital role in shaping your personality, and their influences, could change you for the better. An example of how groups can influence us in a positive way is â€Å"Kondo’s Story† taken from â€Å"starting with psychology† (2010). In this extract from her own book Kondo describes what life is like as a Japanese American and how she tried to fit in with both of her cultures.Although at first she was not accustomed to the Japanese way of doing things in time she began to feel a positive feeling for the Japanese family she was staying with and began to want to behave in a Japanese way. So by the end of the extract she not only feels like an American woman but a Japanese woman also. Spending time with a positive group of Japanese people, made her understand her Japanese roots, traditions and etiquette that are part of their everyday life. As she started to fit in more and more she described how pleased she felt.Looking at what others do around you can bring about a positive change in your way of thinking and how you live your life. Groups will often shape who you are. It doesn’t have to be a close group of friends it could be just people you are regularly around. For example if you are with people who dress smart, are in a stable job and speak in correct English. You will most likely pick up their traits. You will feel this is right and will follow. Muzafer Sherif l (1961) carried out a number of experiments that involved young boys at a summer camp.The experiment worked by splitting the boys into two groups. As time went on the boys in each group became closer and more competitive. A tournament was arranged and although some aggression was noted other good behaviour stood out such as group loyalty, solidarity and co operation. As the experiment progressed they introduced games which required both groups to work with each other in a positive way which was highly successful. Experiments like this one show that group influence can be a positive one.For the next part of this task I will look at the negative effects that groups of people can often have on us. There are times in all of our lives when we have done certain things or lead a certain lifestyle due to the influence of the people around us. You can find yourself blindly imitating something that you know is wrong but the urge to â€Å"follow the crowd† is so great you ignore what you know is right. Example of negative group influence â€Å"Starting with Psychology (2010), an experiment carried out in America by Phillip Zimbardo in 1971.He and his colleagues set up a fake prison situation and randomly chose a group of men to act as the guards or the prisoners over a period of two weeks. However after just six days the experiment had to come to an end after both of the groups took their assigned roles too seriously. Both sides were showing worrying signs of brutality and emotional disturbance. This experiment showed just how quickly normal rational men could become violent and aggressive when expected to act in a certain way.We have all been in situations were we realise something is expected of us. It is interesting to see, in this example, how easy it would be to conform and fall into the roles that are given to us by others. Another example I will refer to is Solomon Asch’s study in the 1950’s. You and 6 other people are seated around a table. The whole group is shown a picture of a straight vertical line. You are then shown three more lines of differing lengths. Everyone is then asked to pick out the line that matches the original one.You then each give your answer out loud. However, six of these people are in on the experiment and deliberately give the wrong answer. Out of 50 of the people involved 75% of them gave the wrong and followed what the others said, even though the right answer was clearly obvious. Surely this shows how negative group influence can be on one’s behaviour. This experiment was harmless, but outside the confines of studies and experiments, following people and trusting others instincts rather than your own conscious could have serious consequences.I think I have shown in the pieces of evidence that I have used, groups can be a good and bad influence. They can provide us with stability, friendship and the feeling of belonging and loyalty as shown in my first 2 pieces of evidence. They can also be damaging and harmful when used by others to lead and deceive people who are vulnerable as shown in I believe we have all experienced some kind of group influence in our lives whether good or bad. In my opinion these experiences make us who we are and are important part of our lives How to cite Psychology Y163 Tma2, Papers

Microsoft Corporation A Multinational Corporation Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Microsoft for Multinational Corporation. Answer: Introduction Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational company operating in Australia and other countries across the world. The headquarters of Microsoft is situated in Redmond, Washington, that offers computer programming, license, producing and also creating these programs. Edge web programs, internet Explorer, Microsoft office suit and the Microsoft Windows line of working system are sample of best known programming items of Microsoft. By revenue, Microsoft is one of the worlds biggest programming creator and among the most significant companies. Some of the product produced by Microsoft is in the lead in the market. These products include: Xbox game supports and surface tablet lineup (Casumano Selby, 1998). In the year1975, Paul Allen and Bill Gates established Microsoft to create and offer BASIC translator for Altair 8800. In mid 1980s, Microsoft started to control the PC working system market with MS-DOS; it took them less time to produce Microsoft Words. In their first sale of stock in 1986 was successful with billions being generated and also the workers also gaining as much as a total of 12,000 millionaires (Demers, 2001). Microsoft has expanded since 1990 from the working advertise and has acquired many corporate like Skype which they acquired in 2011 and current arrangements is to acquire LinkedIn. As at records taken in 2015, the IBM PC-compatible operating framework market and the workplace programming suite market is dominated by Microsoft. This is despite Microsoft losing much of general working system to android. Microsoft remains relevant in the market by adventuring in additional operation which makes them competitive. They deliver internet search with bling, the computer games with the Xbox and Xbox 360. The cooperation also produces advance administration market with MSN and recently they have engaged in the cell phone market and they are working on previous Nokia phones and they have developed Windows OS. The dispatch of the Microsoft Surface which is a line tablet announced the involvement of Microsoft in the PC creation market (Schroeder, 2000). In Australia, Microsoft established their subsidiary corps in 1985. The company helps the Australian by creation of employment and also to realize full potential of their businesses by use of Microsoft programming devices which ease their work. Seven regional offices have been established in Australia with their headquarters in Sydney. The company has empowered large number of Australians accomplices and clients to enhance in new ways (Wagner, et al, 2006) Microsoft has also helped the Australian community especially the young people by providing programs which can develop them for employment and also drive them to start their own business. Microsoft through association with non-benefiting and business accomplices, every year they give more than $50 million of programming benefits to the non-benefiting associations to enable them to be more beneficial, more cooperative and to drive them in providing quality services for the groups they serve (Majchrzak, et al, 2006). Microsoft as at December, 2015 had created 118,584 employees across the world and in Australia it had seven branches with many employment opportunities created for the local. Australian Corporate Taxation for Multinationals Although tax administration has been the subject in the business market from different audits in the recent years, the rate of which multinational organizations are being charged in Australia is not much welcoming. Nonetheless, if a multinational enterprise that is, an organization with backups or offshoots in more than only maybe a couple nations should be situated in Australia, it can exploit certain attributes of the Australian tax framework. (Kogut Zander, 2003). Global salary and capital income are paid by the occupant organizations with specific classes of earning and capital gain being exempt and with assessment credits being allowed where wage and capital gain have as of now been exhausted in a remote locale (Chan, et al, 1995). In Australia, a company is resident for tax purpose if: When an organization has been joined in Australian market it cannot lose its Australian residence tax purpose regardless of where the central administration and control is worked out. It is consolidated in Australia. Regardless of which nation the organization was incorporated in, the central administration and control is practiced in Australia The organization is not consolidated in Australia or is its focal administration and control practiced there however carries on business in Australia and its selection control is in the hands of resident Australian shareholders (Bouquet Birkinshaw, 2008) Collecting tax Twice collection of new investors for inhabitant Australian organizations has customarily stayed away from by the accompanying principles through the report of Ralph in 2003 by and the unwinding of the CFC. The reported stated that: Income from auxiliaries inhabitant in recorded locales is not included in Australia as extra duty so as to Controlled Foreign Corporation (CFC) rules. A record is made on a comparable frame work. Since the pay is excluded from further expense in Australia no assessment credits can be asserted in the locale regardless of the possibility that in Australia, the duty paid is less than other countries and the locals must control not less than ten percent of capital share. This is the validity for this application of tenant to apply backup (Cannavan, et al, 2004). in Australia a second time tax is levied on income from auxiliaries residents in unlisted purviews however income tax, capital gain expense or withholding charges are fully given a duty credit if the tax is paid out side jurisdiction. Enlisting ward is done to a company with a jurisdiction lacking comparative system. More than 10 percent of the shareholder must be controlled by the occupant guardian organization to back up its performance so that this standard to apply (Janeb, 1995) Where pay with an outside source has as of now been burdened in a remote nation and is to be worn out again in Australia an assessment credit is conceded to the inhabitant company for any charges paid in the outside ward. Tax credits are allowed under both the arrangements of double tax bargains and where there is no double tax collection settlement set up under the arrangements of local enactment. They cover corporate wage charge; capital increases expenses and maintenance charges (Buettner, et al, 2012). when the assessment is not exact to that of the corporate salary charge payable in Australia which has as of now being settled in an outside purview the equalization of the duty an alternative to different corporation inside a party or credit can be conveyed forward for 5 years (Bouquet Birkinshaw, 2008). The tax can be reduced to 10 percent if the company comes from a country which has sign a treaty with Australia for double taxation but on active controls that is there is no treaty signed, the withholding charge rate remains at 30 percent. Some of the agreement and treaties helping multinational companies to operate in Australia are: The Foreign Dividend Account Exemption: when a dividend is got from an outside organization by an Australian organization might be put into an exceptional isolated record called the foreign dividend account and when profit paid out of this account to a non-occupant is not included from withholding charge. The main reason why this arrangement was made was to remove a hindrance stating that multinational were deterred from transferring income through Australia. 10 percent must be held by an Australian company of the multinational companys shares, and there are some further technical conditions (Cannavan, et al, 2004). The thin Capitalization Rules: in 2001 a new enactment which presented Australian business rule of thin capitalization, i.e. Limits being set for measure of profit that can be reduced for purposes of duty only if a firm funds itself prevalently by advance capital, something that was a typical practice for outside organizations needing to concentrate returns from their Australian backups from Australia without bringing about withholding tax on dividend (Berkman, et al, 2002). The Minister for Revenue and Assistant treasurer In August 2007, Mr. Peter Dutton launched a Tax Laws Amendment Bill 2007 so that Australian tax assessment framework to be actualized. As to thin capitalization, the enactment meant to certificate an uprightness evaluation in the thin capitalization rules worked as expected by expelling from the meaning of not being included in equity interest those value intrigues that stay on issue for an aggregate time of 6 months or more (Brosen, 2004). Consistence of parties were also lessen by ADIs (authorized deposit taking institutions), where in the groups are authority credit card foundations were the main ADIs, by permitting the organizations heads of such groups of the same nature to apply the tenets as though the ADIs were not contained in such groups. Review of International Tax Regime 2002 responding to a flood of pre-race feedback, the recently re-chose conservative Australian government started a broad survey of business tax collection in 2002 (Berkman, et al, 2002). In the year 2001, James Hardie Industries, a noteworthy building material bunch in Australia stunned the government when they announced their intention to move it base in Holland with the reason of maximizing the tax being charged. This company with the broadly broadened group has a significant income flow. The group also claimed that receiving new structure which will likewise include an auxiliary posting on the Stock Exchange in New York would almost halve its normal duty rate to around 30 percent (Handley Maheswaran, 2008). In an agreement to better the relationship with these foreign companies, a tax relief for organizations seeking to demerge was offered by the federal government through Senator Helen Coonan who was then the Australian Assistant Treasurer, provided some criteria were fitted. To claim capital gain charge help amid the demerger procedure, the underlying responsibility for organization must not change, but rather the demerging element must strip no less than 80% of its possession interest in a subsidiary (Rohatgi, 2002). The government made further strides towards enhancing the universal tax assessment administration for organizations in the year 2003 December, presenting measures which produced results from 2004 July, unwinding Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) rules as they apply to nations having comprehensively comparative tax collection administrations (BELCs, for example, the Germans, the UK, united States of America where Microsoft company belongs, Japan, Canada, France and New Zealand, as a result exempting wage got from outside such nations however going through them and in this way burdened in them (Brosens, 2004) . Ernst and young once commented that after the burden had gone, Australian Multinational companies working together on these significant business focuses will no more should be excessively worried with measures that are gone for assessment safe house working areas. The Government has obviously perceived the way that business happens in these nations for business instead of tax related reasons (Brosen, 2004). Before the FIF rule apply the new enactment additionally permitted store supervisors to contribute up to 10% of their asset in remote detached speculations, and will likewise diminish consenting superannuation reserves according to the FIF measures. The changes additionally gave a withholding charge exception on broadly disseminated debentures issued to non-occupants if those debentures are issued by open unit trusts. The Rudd government reported in May that it had as of now acted to acquaint enactment with execute various them, including pressing measures, for example, that proposing exempt tax treatment for superannuation singular amounts paid to people experiencing a terminal therapeutic condition. Measures which the legislature had chosen ought to continue, however where it was suggested that the roll out improvements to the declarations by the past government, were point by point in the Budget. The administration likewise reported around then those measures that it had chosen ought not to continue (Neumayer, 2007). Double taxation treaty Australia signed a double taxation treaty with most of its trading partners. This followed the treaty by the OECD and in all of Australias treaty. In the treaty, a tie brake clause was created to those who might be treated as the residence of Australia. Once a domestic legislation was given, the agreement was being given an effect to function. This treaty has help to better the relationship between Australia and multinational companies operating in their market (Janeba, 1995). Conclusion The above agreement and treaties gave Microsoft an environment to offer its services in Australia, the tax system was not much depressive and in return the community developed from the services, the government benefited from the tax and employment was created. The youth were also included in Microsoft plan as they were being offered services which build them to be future employees and employers. References: Berkman, H., Bradbury, M.E., Hancock, P. and Innes, C., 2002. Derivative financial instrument use in Australia. Accounting Finance, 42(2), pp.97-109. Bouquet, C. and Birkinshaw, J., 2008. Managing power in the multinational corporation: How low-power actors gain influence.Journal of Management, 34(3), pp.477-508. Brosens, L., 2004. Thin capitalization rules and EU law. EC Tax Review, 13(4), pp.188-213. Buettner, T., Overesch, M., Schreiber, U. and Wamser, G., 2012. The impact of thin-capitalization rules on the capital structure of multinational firms. Journal of Public Economics,96(11), pp.930-938. Cannavan, D., Finn, F. and Gray, S., 2004. The value of dividend imputation tax credits in Australia.Journal of Financial Economics,73(1), pp.167-197. Cannavan, D., Finn, F. and Gray, S., 2004. The value of dividend imputation tax credits in Australia. Journal of Financial Economics, 73(1), pp.167-197. Chan, K.K., McColough, D.W. and Skully, M.T., 1995. Dividend reinvestment plans in Australia. Global Finance Journal, 6(1), pp.79-99. Demers, M.E., 2001. Viacore to Link MicrosoftCompany Business and MarketingBrief Article.Electronic News, Jan,8, p.2 Handley, J.C. and Maheswaran, K., 2008. A measure of the efficacy of the Australian imputation tax system. Economic Record, 84(264), pp.82-94. Janeba, E., 1995. Corporate income tax competition, double taxation treaties, and foreign direct investment. Journal of Public Economics, 56(2), pp.311-325. Kogut, B. and Zander, U., 1993. Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation.Journal of international business studies,24(4), pp.625-645. Kogut, B. and Zander, U., 2003. Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation.Journal of international business studies,34(6), pp.516-529. Majchrzak, A., Wagner, C. and Yates, D., 2006, August. Corporate wiki users: results of a survey. In Proceedings of the 2006 international symposium on Wikis (pp. 99-104). ACM. Neumayer, E., 2007. Do double taxation treaties increase foreign direct investment to developing countries? The Journal of Development Studies, 43(8), pp.1501-1519. Rohatgi, R., 2002. Basic international taxation (Vol. 412). Kluwer Law International. Schroeder, P., 2000. A brief history of Microsoft and accessibility.